Overweight/obesity in adolescents with phenylketonuria: protective and predisposing factors

Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with overweight/obesity development in adolescents with early diagnosed phenylketonuria treated exclusively by diet. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study anthropometric measurements, serum phenylalanine levels, and 10 metabolites associated with lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were analyzed in 101 adolescents aged 10-20 years. Adolescents were categorized into overweight/obesity and eutrophic/low body mass index groups. These patients were compared using Student's t-test, Pearson's chi-square test, Wald's chi-square test for multivariate analysis. Further, to verify whether the prevalence of overweight/obesity found in the study population was similar to that in the general population, the authors compared the nutritional status of 46 patients aged 13-17 years with that of healthy students of the same age from the National School Health Survey using the chi-square test for adherence. The significance threshold was p < 0.5. Results: The prevalence of overweight/obesity in adolescents was 27.7%. There was no difference in prevalence between sexes. Older age was a protective factor and Increased Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance index and high phenylalanine and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were predictive factors for overweight/obesity. The equality hypothesis was not rejected in the comparison of nutritional states of 46 patients aged 13-17 years and healthy students of the same age. Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight/obesity in phenylketonuria adolescents was similar to what is found in healthy adolescents.

Maternal and early childhood factors associated with asthma and obesity in children aged 6 to 7 years: a case control study

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the maternal and early childhood factors associated with asthma and obesity in children aged 6 to 7 years. Methods A case-control study conducted with children aged 6 to 7 years. Applications with questions about asthma symptoms in the last 12 months, maternal and childhood data in the first 2 years of life, and anthropometric data were collected. Children who presented asthma symptoms were considered as cases and those without asthma symptoms were considered as controls, later divided into two subgroups that were eutrophic or overweight/obesity. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the association between asthma symptoms (adequate weight and overweight/obesity) and gestational and personal factors, calculating odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Results Two hundred and one children were evaluated, 25.4% had asthma symptoms, 37.2% of them were overweight/obesity. Waist circumference, triceps skinfold, and body mass index were higher in the group with overweight/obesity asthma symptoms compared to no asthma symptoms (p<0.05). Factors significantly associated with asthma and overweight/obesity symptoms included: the maternal history of asthma (odds ratio of 3.73; 95%CI: 1.10-12.6) and hypertension during pregnancy (odds ratio of 3.29; 95%CI: 1.08-9.94). Conclusion Maternal history of asthma and hypertension during pregnancy increased the chances of children, at 6 and 7 years of age, having symptoms of asthma and obesity.

Asociación de la presión arterial con adiposidad y actividad física en escolares y adolescentes de la Araucanía en Chile / Association of blood pressure with adiposity and physical activity in schoolchildren and adolescents from Araucanía in Chile. Introduction

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la asociación de valores de presión arterial (PA) con parámetros de adiposidad y nivel de actividad física (NAF) en escolares y adolescentes en la región de la Araucanía en Chile. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, transversal y correlacional que consideró una muestra de 1.125 niños, niñas y adolescentes de 6 a 13 años. Se analizaron parámetros de adiposidad: índice de masa corporal, perímetro de cintura y del brazo, pliegue bicipital, tricipital, subescapular y suprailíaco y porcentaje de masa grasa, PA sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) y NAF. Resultados. 60,4% de la muestra esta normotenso; 23,6% pre HTA y 16,0% HTA, sin asociación significativa entre la PA con el sexo (p>0,05). Se encontró para el total de la muestra una correlación significativa entre la PAS con todos los parámetros de adiposidad estudiados (p<0,001; p<0,050). Para la PAD solo el grupo de 6 a 8 años presentó asociación significativa con todos estos parámetros (p<0,001; p<0,050). El NAF se asoció con la clasificación de la PA. Esta asociación tuvo significancia estadística en el grupo de 6 a 8 años (p<0,05). Conclusiones. Se evidencia una elevada frecuencia de PA alta en escolares de una región de Chile. Se identifican asociaciones significativas entre la PA con algunas medidas de adiposidad corporal y el NAF en la muestra de estudio. Esta información puede ser de gran importancia para la predicción de la hipertensión en la infancia en el contexto de atención primaria en salud(AU)

The objective of the study was to determine the association of blood pressure (BP) values with parameters of adiposity and level of physical activity (NAF) in schoolchildren and adolescents in the Araucanía region of Chile. Materials and methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study that considered a sample of 1.125 subjects, boys and girls between 6 and 13 years old. Adiposity parameters were analyzed: body mass index, waist and arm circumference, bicipital, tricipital, subscapular and suprailiac fold and% fat mass. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) and NAF were also analyzed. Results. 60.4% of the sample is normotensive; 23.6% preHTA and 16.0% HT, without significant association between BP and sex (p> 0.05). For the entire sample, there is a significant correlation between SBP and all the adiposity parameters studied (p <0.001; p <0.050). For DBP, only the 6 to 8-year-old group presented a significant association with all these parameters (p <0.001; p <0.050). The NAF was associated with the PA classification. This association is statistically significant in the 6 to 8-year-old group (p <0.050). Conclusions. A high frequency of high BP is evidenced in schoolchildren from a region of Chile. Significant associations were identified between BP with some measures of body adiposity and NAF in the study sample. This information can be of great importance for the prediction of hypertension in childhood in the context of primary health care(AU)

Relations between asthma and obesity: an analysis of multiple factors / Relações entre asma e obesidade: análise de múltiplos fatores

ABSTRACT Objective: Asthma and obesity are prevalent and interrelated diseases. In the pediatric population, the effect of systemic inflammation associated to obesity, leading to inflammation of the airways, is currently controversial. Our aim was to compare inflammatory, clinical and spirometric patterns between children with asthma and obesity and those within the normal weight status range. Methods: A total of 79 boys and girls from 6 to 10 years old were selected and divided into four groups: obese asthmatics, non-obese asthmatics, obese non-asthmatics, and non-obese non-asthmatics. In addition to collecting clinical and anthropometric data, all children underwent spirometry and skin prick tests for inhalant allergens. Blood samples for measurement of cytokines and adipokines were also collected. Results: Obese asthmatics had significantly worse control of asthma than non-obese asthmatics (OR 4.9; 95%CI 1.1‒22.1), regardless of sex, physical activity and atopy. No differences in spirometry, Th1 and Th2 cytokines and adipokines levels were observed among the four groups. The prick tests were positive in 81.8 and 80% of non-obese asthmatics and obese asthmatics, respectively. Conclusions: The degree of control of asthma was significantly lower in the obese group, regardless of the findings of no differences in spirometry. Extra-pulmonary factors could be responsible for this symptomatic profile. High positivity of skin test in both groups, which is considered a good marker of atopy, shows a preponderant atopic component in the genesis of asthma, both in children with obesity and in those within the normal weight status.

RESUMO Objetivo: A asma e a obesidade são doenças prevalentes e inter-relacionadas. Na população pediátrica, o efeito da inflamação sistêmica associada à obesidade, levando à inflamação das vias aéreas, é controverso. Nosso objetivo foi comparar padrões inflamatórios, clínicos e espirométricos entre crianças obesas e aquelas com peso normal. Métodos: Setenta e nove meninos e meninas de 6‒10 anos de idade foram selecionados e divididos em quatro grupos: asmáticos obesos, asmáticos não obesos, não asmáticos obesos e não asmáticos não obesos. Além de dados clínicos e antropométricos, todas as crianças foram submetidas a espirometria e testes cutâneos para alérgenos inalantes. Também foram coletadas amostras de sangue para dosagem de citocinas e adipocinas. Resultados: Obesos asmáticos tiveram um controle significativamente pior da asma do que os não obesos (RP 4,9; IC95% 1,1‒22,1), independentemente do sexo, atividade física e atopia. Não foram observadas diferenças nos níveis de espirometria, citocinas Th1 e Th2 e adipocinas entre os quatro grupos. Os testes cutâneos foram positivos em 81,8 e 80% dos não obesos asmáticos e obesos asmáticos, respectivamente. Conclusões: O grau de controle da asma foi significativamente menor no grupo obeso, apesar de não ter havido diferenças nos achados espirométricos. Esse resultado sugere que fatores extrapulmonares podem ser responsáveis por esse perfil sintomático. A alta positividade do teste cutâneo nos dois grupos, considerado um bom marcador de atopia, demonstrou o componente atópico como preponderante na gênese da asma, tanto em crianças com obesidade quanto naquelas com peso normal.

Caracterización clínico epidemiológica de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en pediatría, Hospital Mario Catarino Rivas / Epidemiological Clinical characterization of diabetes mellitus type 1 in pediatrics, Mario Catarino Rivas Hospital

Antecedentes: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) se consi- dera una enfermedad metabólica con hiperglu- cemia de forma crónica, causada por un déficit parcial o total en la secreción o acción de la in- sulina. El 70-90% de DM1 tienen base autoin- mune. Objetivo: Describir las características clí- nico- epidemiológicas de Diabetes Mellitus I en Pediatría del Hospital Mario Catarino Rivas, San Pedro Sula, Cortés, en el período comprendido entre junio de 2017 - junio de 2019. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, observacional, realizado en pacientes menores de 18 años que reunieron criterios de inclusión. Los datos se recolectaron mediante encuesta. Re- sultados: El grupo de edad más frecuente fue el escolar de 6-12 años en 49%. Mas frecuente en mujeres en 51%, 29% de los pacientes estudiados presentaron sedentarismo, 17% dislipidemias y sobrepeso, diagnosticadas en el debut de la enfer- medad. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron po- lifagia en 44%, poliuria en 21%. Conclusiones: Las características socio-demográficas del grupo poblacional estudiado fueron las siguientes, el sexo más afectado fue el femenino y el grupo de edad más frecuente los escolares que se encuen- tran cursando la primaria, la mayoría de los pa- cientes estudiados no presentaban enfermedades asociadas, mientras que solo unos pocos presen- taban sobrepeso y dislipidemias asociado a Dia- betes Mellitus tipo I, se observó un predominio del debut sintomático asociado con la triada de polifagia, polidipsia y poliuria, además visión borrosa y pérdida de peso...(AU)

Cirugía bariátrica en adolescentes con obesidad severa: recomendaciones de la Rama de Nutrición, Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría / Bariatric surgery in adolescents with severe obesity: recommendations of the Nutrition Branch, Chilean Pediatric Society

Resumen: En los últimos años, la obesidad severa en adolescentes ha aumentado a nivel mundial y Chile no es la excepción a este fenómeno. Es conocido que esta condición aumenta exponencialmente los riesgos para la salud y se asocia a mortalidad prematura. Desde el año 2008, diversas guías de tratamiento de obesidad pediátrica han incluido a la cirugía bariátrica como una estrategia de tratamiento para adolescentes obesos severos seleccionados. Estos procedimientos han mostrado ser seguros y eficaces en adultos. Un cuerpo emergente de evidencia demuestra que, en centros especializados, en el corto y mediano plazo se obtendrían resultados similares en adolescentes. Sin embargo, en este grupo de pacientes, la cirugía bariátrica tiene implícitos otros riesgos inherentes a la etapa de desarrollo en que se encuentran, y los resultados y complicaciones especialmente de largo plazo en gran medida son aún desconocidos. Por lo anterior y para el logro de los resultados esperados, es muy importante que la selección de pacientes, la cirugía y el seguimiento, sean realizados por equipos multidisciplinarios calificados, en centros hospitalarios que cuenten con la infraestructura adecuada, siendo imprescin dible la adherencia de por vida al seguimiento médico y nutricional. El objetivo de este documento es presentar la postura de la Rama de Nutrición de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría (SOCHIPE) frente a las diversas aristas a considerar para la adecuada indicación de estos procedimientos en adolescentes obesos severos.

Abstract: In recent years, severe obesity in adolescents has been rising worldwide, and Chile is no exception to this phenomenon. This condition exponentially increases health risks and it is associated with prema ture mortality. Since 2008, several guidelines on pediatric obesity treatment have included bariatric surgery as a treatment strategy for certain severely obese adolescents. These procedures have proven to be safe and efficient in adults. Recent evidence shows that, when done in specialized centers, the re sults would be similar in adolescents in the short and medium term. Nonetheless, in this group of pa tients, bariatric surgery has risks related to their stage of development, and data on long-term results and complications are still lacking. Therefore, to achieve the expected results, the patient selection, surgery, and follow-up must be carried out by qualified multidisciplinary teams, in hospitals centers that have the appropriate infrastructure, It is essential for the patients a life-long adherence to medi cal and nutritional monitoring. The objective of this document is to present the position statement of the Nutrition Branch of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics on the different issues to be considered for the adequate indication of these procedures in severely obese adolescents.

Relación entre índice de masa corporal y trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en niños / Relationship between body mass index and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in children

Introducción: El índice de masa corporal es un indicador de la densidad corporal. El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad es un síndrome que presenta tres síntomas: inatención, hiperactividad e impulsividad. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre el índice de masa corporal y el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en niños. Métodos: Investigación observacional, transversal, analítica bivariada y ambispectiva, desarrollada en 111 niñas y 125 niños, de 10 a 12 años de edad estudiantes de la Unidad Educativa Hispano América de la ciudad de Ambato, Ecuador, en el período septiembre 2017- febrero 2018. Los datos del índice de masa corporal y el trastorno por déficit de atención se procesaron en Microsoft Excel, el software Minitab® 18.1 para el cálculo de los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y Spearman, y prueba de Grubbs para comprobar normalidad y análisis de valores atípicos. Resultados: La media del índice de masa corporal fue de 20,15 en niños y 20,63 en niñas, lo que se consideró normal. El trastorno por déficit de atención: 93,7 por ciento de niñas y 90,4 por ciento de niños, también fue normal. En estos últimos, existió una ligera predisposición por este trastorno. La correlación entre ambas variables fue ligeramente positiva: niñas 0,02 y niños 0,457. Conclusiones: El índice de masa corporal y el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad tienen parámetros normales en niñas y niños y existe entre ambos una correlación positiva débil. Es necesario establecer estrategias educativas para la disminución de la obesidad y malnutrición infantil(AU)

Introduction: The body mass index is an indicator of body density, determined by the relationship between body weight and height. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a syndrome with three symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Objective: To analyze the relationship between the body mass index and the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in students. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, bivariate and ambispective analytical research, carried out in a population of 111 girls and 125 boys, from 10 to 12 years of the Hispanic American Education Unit of the city of Ambato, Ecuador, in the period September 2017 - February 2018. Processing data in Microsoft Excel for body mass index and for the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and with Minitab® 18.1 software for the calculation of coefficients of Pearson and Spearman correlation, as well as the normality tests and analysis of outliers with the Grubbs test. Results: The average for body mass index was 20.15 in boys and 20.63 in girls, considered normal. Normal results were obtained in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in 93.7 percent of girls and 90.4 percent of boys, there being a slight predisposition for this disorder. The correlation between both variables was slightly positive: girls 0.202 and boys 0.457. Conclusions: Both, body mass index and the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have normal parameters in girls and boys, with a weak positive correlation between them. It was proposed to establish educational strategies for the reduction of obesity and child malnutrition(AU)

Composición corporal y trastornos respiratorios del sueño en escolares de Valdivia, Chile / Relationship between body composition and sleep-disordered breathing in schoolchildren from Valdivia, Chile

Resumen: Introducción: La malnutrition por exceso en la infancia constituye una epidemia mundial y se asocia a múltiples enfermedades y complicaciones. Entre ellas, destacan los trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS), espectro de enfermedades que han emergido como un problema de salud relevante. Objetivo: Eva luar la relación entre la composición corporal y la presencia de TRS en escolares. Sujetos y Méto do: Estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal en 127 escolares de primero a octavo básico escogidos aleatoriamente de cinco establecimientos municipales de Valdivia, Chile. La incorporación al estudio ocurrió luego del proceso de consentimiento informado del responsable del escolar y asentimiento informado del menor. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas y se determinó la presencia de TRS mediante el Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). Para el análisis se aplicó esta dística descriptiva, t de Student y test x2 para determinar asociación de variables con la presencia de TRS. Resultados: Destacó alta prevalencia de malnutrición por exceso (71,7%) y la obesidad alcanzó 39,4%. En tanto la prevalencia de TRS fue 32,3%. Hubo mayor proporción de niños con TRS en escolares obesos severos (56,3%), así como una media significativamente mayor en niños con TRS para los pliegues bicipital (14,6 mm ± 7,3 vs. 12,0 mm ± 6,6; p=0,002) y tricipital (19,8 ± 6,7 mm vs. 16,2 mm ± 6,0; p =0,04). Conclusiones: Existen altas prevalencias de malnutrición por exceso y TRS. De las medidas antropométricas, la presencia de TRS se asoció con mayor grosor de los plie gues bicipital y tricipital.

Abstract: Introduction: Overnutrition in childhood constitutes a global epidemic and has been associated with multiple di seases and complications. Among them, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) stands out, a spectrum of diseases that have emerged as a relevant health problem. Objective: To evaluate the association bet ween nutritional status and SDB in schoolchildren. Subjects and Method: Cross-sectional analytical study of 127 schoolchildren randomly selected from five public schools in Valdivia, Chile. After the informed assent and informed consent process of the child and parents/guardian respectively, the students were incorporated into the study. Anthropometric measurements were performed and the presence of SDB was determined through the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). For the data analysis, the t-test and x2 test were used to determine the association of variables with SDB. Re sults: There was a high prevalence of overnutrition (71.7%) and obesity reached 39.4%. Regarding the prevalence of SDB, it was 32.3%. There was a higher proportion of children with SDB in severely obese schoolchildren (56.3%), as well as, a significantly higher mean of biceps and triceps skinfold thickness in children with SDB (14.6 mm ± 7.3 vs. 12.0 mm ± 6.6, p = 0.002, and 19.8 ± 6.7 mm vs. 16.2 mm ± 6.0, p = 0.04, respectively). Conclusions: There is high prevalence of overnutrition and SDB. Out of the anthropometric measurements, the presence of SDB was associated with greater thickness of the biceps and triceps skinfolds.

Obesidad infantil y asma bronquial / Child Obesity and bronchial asthma

Obesity and bronchial asthma have suffered a sustained increase in its prevalence worldwide. The relationship between both entities has been widely studied especially in the adult population. Obesity has been shown to be a risk factor for new bronchial asthma diagnoses and vice versa; and that both alter the evolution of the other. The relationship between them is based on systemic inflammatory factors and cardiometabolic factors rather than the fat load. In this review we will focus on the pathophysiology of metabolic and immunological alterations that link both diseases.

Obesidad y asma bronquial han sufrido un aumento sostenido de su prevalencia a nivel mundial. La relación entre ambas entidades ha sido ampliamente estudiada especialmente en población adulta. Se ha demostrado que obesidad es un factor de riesgo de nuevos diagnósticos de asma bronquial y viceversa; y que ambas alteran la evolución de la otra. La relación entre ellas se sustenta en factores inflamatorios sistémicos y factores cardiometabólicos más que en la carga adiposa. En esta revisión nos centraremos en la fisiopatología de las alteraciones metabólicas e inmunológicas que ligan ambas enfermedades.

Alteraciones cardíacas subclínicas detectadas por ecocardiografía en escolares Mexicanos con sobrepeso y obesidad / Subclinical cardiac alterations detected by echocardiography in Mexican schoolchildren with overweight and obesity

Resumen Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los cambios tempranos en la función miocárdica en niños con sobrepeso y obesidad, sin hipertensión arterial. Métodos: Estudio transversal en el que se incluyeron 150 participantes de ambos sexos entre 6 y 15 años. Se realizaron evaluaciones antropométricas, bioquímicas y de función ventricular mediante métodos ecocardiográficos convencionales y análisis de deformación miocárdica con ecocardiografía bidimensional speckle tracking. La comparación global entre los grupos de estudio (niños con peso normal, sobrepeso y obesidad) se llevó a cabo con la prueba de análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de una vía y análisis post hoc con corrección de Bonferroni para las comparaciones múltiples, y se consideró a los niños con peso normal como grupo de referencia. Resultados: La muestra final fue de 142 participantes, 50 (35%) con peso normal, 39 (28%) con sobrepeso y 53 (37%) con obesidad. El diámetro diastólico del ventrículo izquierdo (VI) y el septum interventricular, y el diámetro de la aurícula izquierda (AI) y la masa del VI fueron significativamente más altos en el grupo con obesidad en comparación con el grupo con peso normal. No se observaron diferencias significativas en los indicadores convencionales de la función sistólica y diastólica ventricular izquierda. Se observaron diferencias significativas en la deformación miocárdica regional entre los tres grupos. La media de deformación miocárdica longitudinal global fue más baja en los pacientes con obesidad (−20.9% vs. −23.5%; p menor 0.05) en comparación con los niños con peso normal. Conclusiones: La obesidad infantil se asoció a alteraciones en la deformación miocárdica, incluso en presencia de fracción de expulsión normal. La evaluación de la deformación miocárdica es relevante en los pacientes pediátricos con obesidad.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate early changes in myocardial function in overweight and obese children without hypertension. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 150 participants of both sexes between 6 and 15 years old. Anthropometric and biochemical evaluations were performed. Ventricular function was assessed by conventional echocardiographic methods and myocardial deformation analysis by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. One-way analysis of variance was employed for the global comparison of study variables between groups (children with normal weight, overweight and obesity), and post hoc analysis with Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparison, considering normal-weight children as the reference category. Results: Overall, 142 participants were included, 50 (35%) with normal weight, 39 (28%) overweight and 53 (37%) obesity. Diastolic diameter of the left ventricular (LV) and interventricular septum, diameter of the left atrium and LV mass were significantly higher in children with obesity compared to those with normal weight. No significant differences in the conventional indicators of LV systolic and diastolic function were found between groups. Significant differences in the regional myocardial deformation between the three groups were observed. Mean global longitudinal myocardial deformation was smaller in patients with obesity (−20.9% vs. −23.5%, p less 0.05) compared to children with normal weight. Conclusions: The childhood obesity was associated with altered myocardial deformation, even in the presence of normal ejection fraction. Myocardial deformation evaluation is relevant in the assessment of pediatric patients with obesity.

Association between enuresis and obesity in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of obesity was related with symptoms of nocturnal enuresis (NE) and the efficacy of behavioral intervention in the treatment of NE. Materials and Method The patients diagnosed with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) were studied retrospectively. NE severity was classified as mild, moderate, and severe according to the frequency of enuresis. The children were divided into three groups, namely normal weight (5th-84th percentile), overweight (85th-94th percentile), and obesity (≥95th percentile), according to their Body Mass Index (BMI) percentage. The relationship between obesity level and enuresis severity was analyzed. After three months of behavioral therapy, the efficacy of treatment among normal, overweight, and obese groups were evaluated. Moreover, the predictive risk factors for treatment failure were investigated. Results The rates of severe enuresis in patients with normal weight, overweight, and obesity were 63.9%, 77.5%, and 78.6%, respectively. Obese children depicted higher odds of having severe enuresis compared with normal-weight children (OR: 1.571; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.196-2.065; P=0.001). The odds of presenting with severe enuresis were 1.99 times higher in children who are obese or overweight compared to children with normal weight (OR: 1.994; 95% CI: 1.349-2.946; P=0.001). The complete response of the normal group was higher than those of the overweight and obese groups (26.8% vs. 14.0%, P=0.010; 26.8% vs. 0.0%, P=0.000). Overweight children showed higher complete response than obese ones (14.0% vs. 0.0%, P=0.009). Logistic regression analysis revealed that obesity level and enuresis frequency were significantly related to the treatment failure of behavioral intervention. Conclusions Obesity is associated with severe enuresis and low efficacy of behavioral therapy in children with nocturnal enuresis.

IL-17A, MCP-1, CCR-2, and ABCA1 polymorphisms in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease / Polimorfismos IL-17A, MCP-1, CCR-2 e ABCA1 em crianças com doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica

Abstract Objective: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children has risen significantly, owing to the worldwide childhood obesity epidemic in the last two decades. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is closely linked to sedentary lifestyle, increased body mass index, and visceral adiposity. In addition, individual genetic variations also have a role in the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the gene polymorphisms of MCP-1 (-2518 A/G) (rs1024611), CCR-2 (190 G/A) (rs1799864), ABCA1 (883 G/A) (rs4149313), and IL-17A (-197 G/A) (rs2275913) in obese Turkish children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods: The study recruited 186 obese children aged 10 -17 years, including 101 children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and 85 children without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Anthropometric measurements, insulin resistance, a liver panel, a lipid profile, liver ultrasound examination, and genotyping of the four variants were performed. Results: No difference was found between the groups in respect to age and gender, body mass index, waist/hip ratio, or body fat ratio. In addition to the elevated ALT levels, AST and GGT levels were found significantly higher in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease group compared to the non non-alcoholic fatty liver disease group (p < 0.05). The A-allele of IL-17A (-197 G/A) (rs2275913) was associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (odds ratio [OR] 2.05, 95% confidence interval: 1.12 -3.77, p = 0.02). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that there may be an association between IL-17A (-197 G/A) (rs2275913) polymorphism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development in obese Turkish children.

Resumo Objetivo: A prevalência de doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica em crianças aumentou significativamente devido à epidemia de obesidade infantil em todo o mundo nas últimas duas décadas. A doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica está intimamente ligada ao estilo de vida sedentário, ao aumento do índice de massa corporal e à adiposidade visceral. Além disso, variações genéticas individuais também têm um papel no desenvolvimento e na progressão da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os polimorfismos genéticos MCP-1 (-2518 A/G) (rs1024611), CCR-2 (190 G/A) (rs1799864), ABCA1 (883 G/A) (rs4149313) e IL-17A (-197 G/A) (rs2275913) em crianças turcas obesas com doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica. Métodos: O estudo recrutou 186 crianças obesas entre 10 e 17 anos, inclusive 101 crianças com doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica e 85 crianças sem doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica. Medidas antropométricas, resistência à insulina, painel hepático, perfil lipídico, exame ultrassonográfico do fígado e genotipagem de quatro variantes foram feitos. Resultados: Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada entre os grupos em relação à idade e sexo, índice de massa corporal, relação cintura/quadril ou proporção de gordura corporal. Além dos níveis elevados de ALT, os níveis de AST e GGT foram significativamente maiores no grupo doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica em comparação com o grupo não doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (p < 0,05). O alelo A de IL-17A (-197 G/A) (rs2275913) foi associado à doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (odds ratio [OR] 2,05, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 1,12-3,77, p = 0,02). Conclusões: Os achados deste estudo sugerem que pode haver uma associação entre o polimorfismo IL-17A (-197 G/A) (rs2275913) e o desenvolvimento da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica em crianças turcas obesas.

Obesidad y riñón / Obesity and the kidney

RESUMEN Introducción: La obesidad es un problema de salud mundial y su frecuencia se está incrementando tanto en adultos como en niños. Una de sus complicaciones es la glomerulopatía asociada a la obesidad. Objetivo: Informar acerca de esta enfermedad y la actitud del pediatra para tratar de evitarla. Métodos: Revisión de la literatura médica más reciente sobre la enfermedad y el incremento de la obesidad en la edad pediátrica en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y LILACS. Se utilizaron las palabras clave: glomerulopatía relacionada con la obesidad, obesidad y sobrepeso en el niño, tratamiento de la obesidad. Resultados: La obesidad en el niño es en alto porcentaje de causa nutricional y en esta condición los factores ambientales y socioculturales juegan importante papel. La predisposición a padecer la glomerulopatía de la obesidad comienza desde la niñez. El tratamiento de los pediatras en estos casos estará dirigido a la prevención de la enfermedad puesto que se puede desarrollar en la adultez. Cuando fracasan las medidas preventivas, queda la posibilidad de la cirugía bariátrica con poca experiencia en la edad pediátrica y retos éticos importantes y a pesar de que pudiera ser una alternativa de tratamiento, no es aceptada hasta el presente en forma amplia. Conclusiones: La glomerulopatía de la obesidad, por lo general, no aparece hasta la adultez, pero es necesario prevenirla desde la edad pediátrica y para su prevención los pediatras deben estar atentos a los factores de riesgo que pueden aparecer desde las primeras etapas de la vida(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Obesity is a global health problem and its frequency is increasing as much as in adults than in children. One of its complications is glomerulopathy associated to obesity. Objective: To inform on this disease and the attitude of pediatricians towards this trying to avoid it. Methods: Reviewing of the most recent medical literature on this disease and the increase of obesity in the pediatric age in PubMed, SCIELO and LILACS databases. The keywords used for the search were: glomerulopathy related to obesity, obesity and overweight in children, and obesity treatment. Results: Obesity in children is in a high percentage due to nutritional causes and in this disease environmental and sociocultural factors play an important role. The predisposition to suffer from glomerulopathy by obesity starts in childhood. The treatment prepared by the pediatricians in these cases will be directed to the prevention of the disease because it can be developed in adulthood. When preventive measures fail, there is the possibility of performing a bariatric surgery, having in this regard few experiences in the pediatric ages and important ethical challenges; and instead of being an alternative treatment, it is not widely accepted. Conclusions: Generally, glomerulopathy of obesity doesn't appear until adulthood, but it is necessary to prevent it since the pediatric age; and for its prevention pediatricians must be attentive to the risk factors that can appear from the earliest stages of life(AU)

Dyslipidemia in Adolescents Seen in a University Hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro/Brazil: Prevalence and Association / Dislipidemia em Adolescentes Atendidos em um Hospital Universitário no Rio de Janeiro/Brasil: Prevalência e Associação

Abstract Background: Early exposure to obesity favors greater risks of cardiovascular factors such as dyslipidemia. Objectives: To establish the prevalence of dyslipidemia, and to evaluate its association with nutritional status of the adolescents attended at the ambulatory of the Adolescent Health Studies Center of the University Hospital Pedro Ernesto. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, observational study, the sample of which was of convenience, consisting of adolescents from 12 to 18 years old of both genders. The lipid profile was evaluated, along with its association with the anthropometric indicators: body mass index and waist circumference. For statistical analysis, a significance level of 5% was used. Results: A total of 239 adolescents, 104 boys (43.5%) and 135 girls (56.5%) were evaluated and, of these, 52 (21.8%) were eutrophic, 60 (25.1%) overweight, and 127 (53.1%) obese. Obeseadolescents had significantly lower mean values of HDL-cholesterol (44.7 mg/dl vs 53.9 mg/dl; p < 0.001) and higher triglycerides (109.6 mg/dl vs 87.3 mg/dl; p = 0.01). The changes with higher prevalence were low HDL-cholesterol (50.6%), hypercholesterolemia (35.1%), and hypertriglyceridemia (18.4%). A negative association of HDL-cholesterol with body mass index and a positive association of triglycerides with body mass index could be observed, even after adjustment for gender and skin color. Conclusion: This study demonstrated high prevalence of dyslipidemia among adolescents. In view of the significant association between lower levels of HDL-cholesterol and increased triglycerides with overweight, the control of these factors should receive attention, with the precocious diagnosis of the dyslipidemia being important, mainly if it is associated with another cardiovascular risk, to develop effective intervention strategies.

Resumo Fundamentos: Exposição precoce à obesidade favorece maiores riscos de fatores cardiovasculares como dislipidemias. Objetivos: Estabelecer a prevalência de dislipidemia e avaliar sua associação com o estado nutricional de adolescentes atendidos no ambulatório de atenção secundária do Núcleo de Estudos da Saúde do Adolescente do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto. Métodos: Estudo transversal observacional, cuja amostra foi de conveniência e compreendeu adolescentes de 12 a 18 anos de ambos os sexos. Avaliado o perfil lipídico e sua associação com os indicadores antropométricos: índice de massa corporal e circunferência da cintura. Para as análises estatísticas foi utilizado nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Foram avaliados 239 adolescentes, 104 meninos (43,5%) e 135 meninas (56,5%) e destes, 52 (21,8%) apresentaram eutrofia, 60 (25,1%) sobrepeso e 127 (53,1%) obesidade. Os adolescentes com obesidade apresentaram valores médios de HDL-colesterol significativamente menores (44,7 mg/dl vs. 53,9 mg/dl; p < 0,001) e triglicerídeos maiores (109,6 mg/dl vs. 87,3 mg/dl; p = 0,01). As alterações com maior prevalência foram HDL-colesterol baixo (50,6%), hipercolesterolemia (35,1%) e hipertrigliceridemia (18,4%). Foi possível observar associação negativa do HDL-colesterol com o índice de massa corporal e associação positiva dos triglicerídeos com o índice de massa corporal, mesmo após ajuste para gênero e cor da pele. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou alta prevalência de dislipidemia entre os adolescentes. Tendo em vista a associação significativa entre baixos níveis de HDL-colesterol e triglicerídeos aumentados com excesso de peso, o controle destes fatores deve receber atenção, sendo importante o diagnóstico precoce da dislipidemia principalmente se associada a outro risco cardiovascular, para desenvolvimento de estratégias de intervenção.

Correlation of salivary immunoglobulin A with Body Mass Index and fat percentage in overweight/obese children

Abstract Obesity is considered a risk factor for periodontal health due to the low- grade inflammation promoted by the increased adipose tissue. Objective: This study aimed to determine correlations and associations between gingival inflammation (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, and Gingival Index), salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA), and salivary parameters (salivary flow and osmolality) in normal-weight and overweight/obese children. Material and Methods: Ninety-one children, aged 6 to 12 years old (8.6±1.9 years), were divided into two groups according to their body mass index (BMI), circumferences, skinfold measurements and body fat percentage: normal- weight group (NWG; n =50) and overweight/obese group (OG; n =41). A calibrated examiner performed the clinical examination using the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, Gingival Index, and salivary collection. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and association tests ( p <0.05). Results: OG presented statistically higher s-IgA values compared with NWG, especially among the obese children ( p <0.05). Significant positive correlations between s-IgA and salivary osmolality in OG ( p <0.05), and between s-IgA and BMI values ( p <0.05) and body fat percentage ( p <0.05) were observed among all the children. Effect size varied from moderate for s-IgA values ( d =0.57) to large for BMI ( d =2.60). Conclusion: Gingival inflammation and salivary parameters were similar for NWG and OG; however, s-IgA presented higher values in OG, with correlations between BMI and body fat percentage.

Asociación de sobrepeso u obesidad con trastornos del estado de ánimo en adolescentes / Association of overweight or obesity with mood disorders in adolescents Abstract

Determinar la asociación entre sobrepeso-obesidad y trastornos del estado de ánimo en adolescentes, específicamente depresión, ansiedad, baja autoestima y dismorfia corporal. Metodología: Diseño transversal comparativo en adolescentes de 12 a 14 años, se integraron dos grupos el primero con sobrepeso-obesidad y el segundo con normopeso. Los trastornos del estado de ánimo fueron evaluados con Inventario de Depresión de Beck-II, Escala de ansiedad de Hamilton, Escala de autoestima de Rosenberg y Cuestionario de forma corporal de Cooper. El análisis estadístico incluyó chi cuadrada y razón de momios. Resultados: Se encontró asociación de sobrepeso-obesidad con depresión RM 17,94 (IC 95%; 8,17-39,38), ansiedad RM 11,11 (IC 95%; 4,75-25,97), autoestima RM 8,40 (IC 95%; 4,08-17,24) y dismorfia corporal RM 9,64 (IC 95%; 2,14-43,17). Conclusión: Existe asociación entre sobrepeso-obesidad y trastornos del estado de ánimo en adolescentes(AU)

To determine the association between overweight-obesity and mood disorders in adolescents, specifically depression, anxiety, low self- esteem and body dysmorphism. Methodology: Comparative cross-sectional design in adolescents aged 12 to 14 years, two groups were integrated the first with overweight-obesity and the second with normal weight. Mood disorders were evaluated with Beck-II Depression Inventory, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Cooper Body Form Questionnaire. The statistical analysis included chi square and odds ratio. Results: Overweight-obesity association with depression was found in OR 17,94 (IC 95% 8,17-39,38), OR 11,11 anxiety (IC 95% 4,75-25,97), OR self-esteem 8,40 (IC 95% 4.08-17.24) and body dysmorphism OR 9.64 (IC 95% 2.14-43.17). Conclusion: There is an association between overweight-obesity and mood disorders in adolescents(AU)

Obesity, salivary glands and oral pathology / Obesidad, glándulas salivales y patología oral

Abstract Obesity has reached pandemic proportions in recent years. Not only adults suffer from the disease, but increasingly children and young people. One of the main causes of overweight and obesity is excessive food intake, in particular heavily processed carbohydrates. Obesity alters multiple organs, including the salivary glands, bringing functional alterations with it. Among researchers, the relation between obesity and tooth decay, periodontal disease and xerostomia is being debated. More and more scientific reports are drawing attention to the changes in the microflora of the oral cavity during obesity. All changes are closely related to the morphological and functional alterations of the salivary glands. This article review presents the current points of view regarding the impact of obesity on the health of the salivary glands, and how changes their functions influence other structures in the oral cavity.

Resumen La obesidad ha alcanzado proporciones pandémicas en los últimos años. No solo los adultos padecen la enfermedad, sino también cada vez más niños y jóvenes. Una de las principales causas del sobrepeso y la obesidad es la ingesta excesiva de alimentos, en particular los carbohidratos altamente procesados. La obesidad altera múltiples órganos, incluidas las glándulas salivales, y trae consigo alteraciones funcionales. Entre los investigadores, se está debatiendo la relación entre la obesidad y la caries dental, la enfermedad periodontal y la xerostomía. Cada vez más informes científicos están llamando la atención sobre los cambios en la microflora de la cavidad oral durante la obesidad. Todos los cambios están estrechamente relacionados con las alteraciones morfológicas y funcionales de las glándulas salivales. Esta revisión del artículo presenta los puntos de vista actuales sobre el impacto de la obesidad en la salud de las glándulas salivales, y cómo los cambios en sus funciones influyen en otras estructuras de la cavidad oral.

Motivo de consulta y manifestaciones gastrointestinales en pacientes pediátricos con sobrepeso y obesidad en Colombia / Reasons for consultation and gastrointestinal manifestations in pediatric patients with overweight and obesity in Colombia

Introducción: Los síntomas gastrointestinales determinan diagnóstico y tratamiento en niños con exceso de peso. Objetivo: Definir motivo de consulta y manifestaciones gastrointestinales en pacientes con exceso de peso. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo realizado en un centro de Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica de Colombia entre 2009 - 2015. Se revisaron 1 650 historias clínicas de pacientes con exceso de peso que asistieron a consulta. Se analizó con STATA V12, se incluyó Test de Fisher de una cola, significación de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Se estudiaron 222 pacientes, edad media de 71 meses (rango intercuartílicol 19-124). Tenían sobrepeso 57,7 por ciento y 42,3 por ciento obesidad y 73,9 por ciento consultó por síntomas gastrointestinales. Se presentó alto porcentaje de cesárea y lactancia materna exclusiva de corta duración. En pacientes con sobrepeso, el principal motivo de consulta fue dolor abdominal; en obesos, el exceso de peso. En ambos grupos, el síntoma más frecuente fue dolor abdominal (41,6 por ciento en sobrepeso; 48,9 por ciento en obesidad). Apetito aumentado fue el único síntoma con diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,010). Estreñimiento funcional fue el diagnóstico gastrointestinal más frecuente. Al comparar los grupos, se encontraron diferencias entre diagnósticos de estreñimiento funcional (p= 0,004), alergia alimentaria (p= 0,003) y reflujo gastroesofágico (p= 0,011). Conclusiones: Las manifestaciones gastrointestinales son frecuentes y resultan motivo de consulta principal en pacientes con exceso de peso; dentro de ellos se destaca el dolor abdominal, que los incapacita y obliga a consultar al gastroenterólogo pediatra. El exceso de peso no es motivo de consulta principal. El estreñimiento funcional es el diagnóstico gastrointestinal más común(AU)

Introduction: Gastrointestinal symptoms determine diagnosis and treatment in children with excess weight. Objective: To define reason of consultation and gastrointestinal manifestations in patients with overweight or obesity.exeso Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out in a Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Center of Colombia from 2009 to 2015. 1 650 clinical records of patients with excess weight who attended the consultation were reviewed. Data was analyzed with STATA V12, one-tailed Fisher's test was included, significance of p ≤ 0.05. Results: 222 patients were studied with a mean age of 71 months (Interquartile range 19-124). 57.7 percent of them presented overweight and 42.3 percent obesity and 73.9 percent were consulted due to gastrointestinal symptoms. A high percentage of cesarean sections and exclusive breastfeeding of short duration were presented. In overweight patients, the main reason for consultation was abdominal pain and in obese ones it was excess weight. In both groups, the most frequent symptom was abdominal pain (41.6 percent in overweight, 48.9 percent in obesity). Increased appetite was the only symptom with a statistically significant difference (p= 0.010). Functional constipation was the most frequent gastrointestinal diagnosis. When comparing the groups, differences were found among diagnoses of functional constipation (p= 0.004), food allergy (p= 0.003) and gastroesophageal reflux (p= 0.011). Conclusions: Gatrointestinal manifestations are frequent and are the main reason of consultation in patients with excess weight. Abdominal pain is a frequent symptom in those patients incapacitating them and compelling to consult a pediatric gastroenterologist. Excess weight is not the main consultation reason. Functional constipation is the most common gastrointestinal diagnosis. Lifestyle changes are required to prevent or treat excess weight and associated symptoms(AU)